chemical science

Noun
  1. The science of matter;
    The branch of the natural sciences dealing with the composition of substances and their properties and reactions (synset 106094057)
    associated with:
    • electronegativity, negativity - (chemistry) the tendency of an atom or radical to attract electrons in the formation of an ionic bond
    • atomic mass, atomic weight, relative atomic mass - (chemistry) the mass of an atom of a chemical element expressed in atomic mass units
    • molecular weight, relative molecular mass - (chemistry) the sum of the relative atomic masses of the constituent atoms of a molecule
    • valence, valency - (chemistry) a property of atoms or radicals; their combining power given in terms of the number of hydrogen atoms (or the equivalent)
    • ph, ph scale - (from potential of Hydrogen) the logarithm of the reciprocal of hydrogen-ion concentration in gram atoms per liter; provides a measure on a scale from 0 to 14 of the acidity or alkalinity of a solution (where 7 is neutral and greater than 7 is more basic and less than 7 is more acidic)
    • dalton's law, dalton's law of partial pressures, law of partial pressures - (chemistry and physics) law stating that the pressure exerted by a mixture of gases equals the sum of the partial pressures of the gases in the mixture; the pressure of a gas in a mixture equals the pressure it would exert if it occupied the same volume alone at the same temperature
    • distribution law - (chemistry) the total energy in an assembly of molecules is not distributed equally but is distributed around an average value according to a statistical distribution
    • equilibrium law, law of chemical equilibrium - (chemistry) the principle that (at chemical equilibrium) in a reversible reaction the ratio of the rate of the forward reaction to the rate of the reverse reaction is a constant for that reaction
    • henry's law - (chemistry) law formulated by the English chemist William Henry; the amount of a gas that will be absorbed by water increases as the gas pressure increases
    • law of constant proportion, law of definite proportions - (chemistry) law stating that every pure substance always contains the same elements combined in the same proportions by weight
    • law of equivalent proportions, law of reciprocal proportions - (chemistry) law stating that the proportions in which two elements separately combine with a third element are also the proportions in which they combine together
    • dalton's law, law of multiple proportions - (chemistry) law stating that when two elements can combine to form more than one compound the amounts of one of them that combines with a fixed amount of the other will exhibit a simple multiple relation
    • law of mass action - (chemistry) the law that states the following principle: the rate of a chemical reaction is directly proportional to the molecular concentrations of the reacting substances
    • mendeleev's law, periodic law - (chemistry) the principle that chemical properties of the elements are periodic functions of their atomic numbers
    • organic chemistry - the chemistry of compounds containing carbon (originally defined as the chemistry of substances produced by living organisms but now extended to substances synthesized artificially)
    • atomic theory, atomism, atomist theory, atomistic theory - (chemistry) any theory in which all matter is composed of tiny discrete finite indivisible indestructible particles
    • arrhenius theory of dissociation, theory of dissociation, theory of electrolytic dissociation - (chemistry) theory that describes aqueous solutions in terms of acids (which dissociate to give hydrogen ions) and bases (which dissociate to give hydroxyl ions); the product of an acid and a base is a salt and water
    • ostwald's theory of indicators, theory of indicators - (chemistry) the theory that all indicators are either weak acids or weak bases in which the color of the ionized form is different from the color before dissociation
    • migration - (chemistry) the nonrandom movement of an atom or radical from one place to another within a molecule
    • allomerism - (chemistry) variability in chemical composition without variation in crystalline form
    • sublimation - (chemistry) a change directly from the solid to the gaseous state without becoming liquid
    • periodic table - (chemistry) a tabular arrangement of the chemical elements according to atomic number as based on the periodic law
    • chain, chemical chain - (chemistry) a series of linked atoms (generally in an organic molecule)
    • closed chain, ring - (chemistry) a chain of atoms in a molecule that forms a closed loop
    • long chain, long-chain molecule - (chemistry) a relatively long chain of atoms in a molecule
    • chemist - a scientist who specializes in chemistry
    • chemical phenomenon - any natural phenomenon involving chemistry (as changes to atoms or molecules)
    • pleomorphism, polymorphism - (chemistry) the existence of different kinds of crystal of the same chemical compound
    • dimorphism - (chemistry) the property of certain substances that enables them to exist in two distinct crystalline forms
    • absorption, soaking up - (chemistry) a process in which one substance permeates another; a fluid permeates or is dissolved by a liquid or solid
    • association - (chemistry) any process of combination (especially in solution) that depends on relatively weak chemical bonding
    • chemical action, chemical change, chemical process - (chemistry) any process determined by the atomic and molecular composition and structure of the substances involved
    • chemical reaction, reaction - (chemistry) a process in which one or more substances are changed into others
    • chemical decomposition reaction, decomposition, decomposition reaction - (chemistry) separation of a substance into two or more substances that may differ from each other and from the original substance
    • displacement, displacement reaction - (chemistry) a reaction in which an elementary substance displaces and sets free a constituent element from a compound
    • dissociation - (chemistry) the temporary or reversible process in which a molecule or ion is broken down into smaller molecules or ions
    • electrolysis - (chemistry) a chemical decomposition reaction produced by passing an electric current through a solution containing ions
    • imbibition - (chemistry) the absorption of a liquid by a solid or gel
    • osmosis - (biology, chemistry) diffusion of molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration until the concentration on both sides is equal
    • reverse osmosis - (chemistry) a method of producing pure water; a solvent passes through a semipermeable membrane in a direction opposite to that for natural osmosis when it is subjected to a hydrostatic pressure greater than the osmotic pressure
    • rectification - (chemistry) the process of refinement or purification of a substance by distillation
    • acid value - (chemistry) the amount of free acid present in fat as measured by the milligrams of potassium hydroxide needed to neutralize it
    • equilibrium constant - (chemistry) the ratio of concentrations when equilibrium is reached in a reversible reaction (when the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction)
    • abundance - (chemistry) the ratio of the total mass of an element in the earth's crust to the total mass of the earth's crust; expressed as a percentage or in parts per million
    • stoichiometry - (chemistry) the relation between the quantities of substances that take part in a reaction or form a compound (typically a ratio of whole integers)
    • saturation point - (chemistry) the stage at which a substance will receive no more of another substance in solution or in a vapor
    • state, state of matter - (chemistry) the three traditional states of matter are solids (fixed shape and volume) and liquids (fixed volume and shaped by the container) and gases (filling the container)
    • activity - (chemistry) the capacity of a substance to take part in a chemical reaction
    • multivalence, multivalency, polyvalence, polyvalency - (chemistry) the state of having a valence greater than two
    • acceptor - (chemistry) in the formation of a coordinate bond it is the compound to which electrons are donated
    • mixture - (chemistry) a substance consisting of two or more substances mixed together (not in fixed proportions and not with chemical bonding)
    • atom - (physics and chemistry) the smallest component of an element having the chemical properties of the element
    • monad - (chemistry) an atom having a valence of one
    • chemical group, group, radical - (chemistry) two or more atoms bound together as a single unit and forming part of a molecule
    • fullerene - a form of carbon having a large molecule consisting of an empty cage of sixty or more carbon atoms
    • actinide series - (chemistry) a series of 15 radioactive elements with increasing atomic numbers from actinium to lawrencium
    • emulsion - (chemistry) a colloid in which both phases are liquids
    • molecule - (physics and chemistry) the simplest structural unit of an element or compound
    • accelerator, catalyst - (chemistry) a substance that initiates or accelerates a chemical reaction without itself being affected
    • sensitiser, sensitizer - (chemistry) a substance other than a catalyst that facilitates the start of a catalytic reaction
    • anticatalyst - (chemistry) a substance that retards a chemical reaction or diminishes the activity of a catalyst
    • buffer - (chemistry) an ionic compound that resists changes in its pH
    • chemical compound, compound - (chemistry) a substance formed by chemical union of two or more elements or ingredients in definite proportion by weight
    • foryml - (chemistry) the negative univalent acyl radical CHO that occurs in aldehydes
    • fluorocarbon - a halocarbon in which some hydrogen atoms have been replaced by fluorine; used in refrigerators and aerosols
    • indicator - (chemistry) a substance that changes color to indicate the presence of some ion or substance; can be used to indicate the completion of a chemical reaction or (in medicine) to test for a particular reaction
    • convert - change in nature, purpose, or function; undergo a chemical change
    • deaden - convert (metallic mercury) into a grey powder consisting of minute globules, as by shaking with chalk or fatty oil
    • alkalinise, alkalinize - make (a substance) alkaline
    • alkalinise, alkalinize - become alkaline
    • equilibrate - bring to a chemical stasis or equilibrium
    • alchemise, alchemize - alter (elements) by alchemy
    • suspend - cause to be held in suspension in a fluid
    • resuspend - put back into suspension
    • clean, scavenge - remove unwanted substances from
    • include - add as part of something else; put in as part of a set, group, or category
    • butylate - introduce the butyl group into a chemical compound
    • iodise, iodize - treat with iodine
    • nitrate - treat with nitric acid, so as to change an organic compound into a nitrate
    • strip - remove a constituent from a liquid
    • break down, break up, decompose - separate (substances) into constituent elements or parts
    • dissociate - to undergo a reversible or temporary breakdown of a molecule into simpler molecules or atoms
    • bate - soak in a special solution to soften and remove chemicals used in previous treatments
    • attenuate, rarefy - weaken the consistency of (a chemical substance)
    • moonshine - distill (alcohol) illegally; produce moonshine
    • distil, distill - undergo the process of distillation
    • distil, distill, extract - extract by the process of distillation
    • deoxidise, deoxidize, reduce - to remove oxygen from a compound, or cause to react with hydrogen or form a hydride, or to undergo an increase in the number of electrons
    • crack - break into simpler molecules by means of heat
    • crack - reduce (petroleum) to a simpler compound by cracking
    • catabolise, catabolize - subject to catabolism
    • oxidate, oxidise, oxidize - add oxygen to or combine with oxygen
    • acetify, acidify - turn acidic
    • alkalify, alkalise, alkalize, basify - turn basic and less acidic
    • reform - break up the molecules of
    • reform - produce by cracking
    • polymerise, polymerize - undergo polymerization
    • copolymerise, copolymerize - polymerize together
    • polymerise, polymerize - cause (a compound) to polymerize
    • catalyse, catalyze - change by catalysis or cause to catalyze
    • peptise, peptize - disperse in a medium into a colloidal state
    • resublime - sublime (a compound) once again
    • calcine - heat a substance so that it oxidizes or reduces
    • carbonise, carbonize, carburise, carburize - unite with carbon
    • transmute - alter the nature of (elements)
    • conjugate - unite chemically so that the product is easily broken down into the original compounds
    • admix - mix or blend
    • alloy - make an alloy of
    • solvate - undergo solvation or convert into a solvate
    • solvate - cause a solvation in (a substance)
    • react - undergo a chemical reaction; react with another substance under certain conditions
    • build - improve the cleansing action of
    • saturate - cause (a chemical compound, vapour, solution, magnetic material) to unite with the greatest possible amount of another substance
    • distill, make pure, purify, sublimate - remove impurities from, increase the concentration of, and separate through the process of distillation
    • isolate - obtain in pure form
    • preisolate - isolate beforehand
    • ammonify - treat with ammonia; cause to undergo ammonification
    • thoriate - impregnate with thorium oxide to increase thermionic emission
    • coke - become coke
    • decarboxylate - remove a carboxyl group from (a chemical compound)
    • decarboxylate - lose a carboxyl group
    • denitrify - remove nitrogen from
    • detoxicate, detoxify - remove poison from
    • esterify - change (a compound) into an ester
    • etherify - change into an ether
    • acetylate, acetylise, acetylize - introduce an acetyl group into (a chemical compound)
    • acetylate, acetylise, acetylize - receive substitution of an acetyl group
    • carboxylate - treat (a chemical compound) with carboxyl or carboxylic acid
    • saponify - convert into soap by hydrolizing an ester into an acid and alcohol as a result of treating it with an alkali
    • saponify - become converted into soap by being hydrolized into an acid and alcohol as a result of being treated with an alkali
    • volatilise, volatilize - make volatile; cause to pass off in a vapor
    • bind - form a chemical bond with
    • ligate - bind chemically
    • desorb - remove from a surface on which it is adsorbed
    • desorb - go away from the surface to which (a substance) is adsorbed
    • demineralise, demineralize - remove the minerals or salts from
    • isomerise, isomerize - change into an isomer
    • isomerise, isomerize - cause to change into an isomer
    • sequester - undergo sequestration by forming a stable compound with an ion
    • transaminate - undergo transfer from one compound to another
    • fractionate - obtain by a fractional process
    • fractionate - separate into constituents or fractions containing concentrated constituents
    • sulfurette, sulphurette - combine with sulfur
    • absorb - become imbued
    • adsorb - accumulate (liquids or gases) on the surface
    • sorb, take up - take up a liquid or a gas either by adsorption or by absorption
    • carburet - combine with carbon
    • formulate - prepare according to a formula
    • free, liberate, release - release (gas or energy) as a result of a chemical reaction or physical decomposition
    • glycerolise, glycerolize - place in glycerol
    • deglycerolise, deglycerolize - remove from glycerol
    • inhibit - limit, block, or decrease the action or function of
    • acidic - being or containing an acid; of a solution having an excess of hydrogen atoms (having a pH of less than 7)
    • acid - having the characteristics of an acid
    • alkalic, alkaline - relating to or containing an alkali; having a pH greater than 7
    • basic - of or denoting or of the nature of or containing a base
    • amphiprotic, amphoteric - having characteristics of both an acid and a base and capable of reacting as either
    • reversible - capable of assuming or producing either of two states
    • hydrophobic - lacking affinity for water; tending to repel and not absorb water; tending not to dissolve in or mix with or be wetted by water
    • hydrophilic - having a strong affinity for water; tending to dissolve in, mix with, or be wetted by water
    • oleophilic - having a strong affinity for oils rather than water
    • lipophilic, lipotropic - having an affinity for lipids
    • critical - at or of a point at which a property or phenomenon suffers an abrupt change especially having enough mass to sustain a chain reaction
    • noncritical - not critical; not at a point of abrupt change
    • cyclic - of a compound having atoms arranged in a ring structure
    • acyclic, open-chain - having an open chain structure
    • saturated - used especially of organic compounds; having all available valence bonds filled
    • unsaturated - used of a compound (especially of carbon) containing atoms sharing more than one valence bond
    • free - unconstrained or not chemically bound in a molecule or not fixed and capable of relatively unrestricted motion
    • bound - held with another element, substance or material in chemical or physical union
    • conjugate, conjugated - of an organic compound; containing two or more double bonds each separated from the other by a single bond
    • conjugate, conjugated - formed by the union of two compounds
    • heavy - (physics, chemistry) being or containing an isotope with greater than average atomic mass or weight
    • light - (physics, chemistry) not having atomic weight greater than average
    • iodinating - combining or causing to combine with iodine
    • de-iodinating - removing iodine from
    • membered - having members; normally used in chemistry in combination with a number
    • monovalent, univalent - having a valence of 1
    • multivalent, polyvalent - having more than one valence, or having a valence of 3 or higher
    • man-made, semisynthetic, synthetic - not of natural origin; prepared or made artificially
    • clathrate - designating or relating to a compound in which one component is physically enclosed within the crystal structure of another
    • organic - relating or belonging to the class of chemical compounds having a carbon basis
    • inorganic - relating or belonging to the class of compounds not having a carbon basis
    • technical grade, technical-grade - containing small amounts of other chemicals, hence slightly impure
    • reactive - participating readily in reactions
    • unreactive - (chemistry) not reacting chemically
    • inactive - (chemistry) not participating in a chemical reaction; chemically inert
    • indifferent, inert, neutral - having only a limited ability to react chemically; chemically inactive
    • rich - high in mineral content; having a high proportion of fuel to air
    • supernatant - of a liquid; floating on the surface above a sediment or precipitate
    • volatile - evaporating readily at normal temperatures and pressures
    • hydrated, hydrous - containing combined water (especially water of crystallization as in a hydrate)
    • anhydrous - without water; especially without water of crystallization
    • alkylic - of or related to an alkyl
    • allylic - of or pertaining to the allyl radical
    • aromatic - (chemistry) of or relating to or containing one or more benzene rings
    • azido - relating to or containing the azido group N3
    • benzylic - relating to benzyl
    • cacodylic - of or relating to cacodyl
    • carbocyclic - having or relating to or characterized by a ring composed of carbon atoms
    • carbolated - containing or treated with carbolic acid
    • carbonyl, carbonylic - relating to or containing the carbonyl group
    • carboxyl, carboxylic - relating to or containing the carboxyl group or carboxyl radical
    • mercuric, mercurous - of or containing mercury
    • valent - (chemistry) having valence; usually used in combination
    • polymorphic, polymorphous - relating to the crystallization of a compound in two or more different forms
    • ethereal - of or containing or dissolved in ether
    • bivalent, divalent - having a valence of two or having two valences
    • pentavalent - having a valence of five
    • tetravalent - haveing a valence of four
    • trivalent - having a valence of three
    • reversibly - in a reversible manner
    is a type of: natural science - the sciences involved in the study of the physical world and its phenomena
    subtypes:
    • chemoimmunology, immunochemistry - the field of chemistry concerned with chemical processes in immunology (such as chemical studies of antigens and antibodies)
    • organic chemistry - the chemistry of compounds containing carbon (originally defined as the chemistry of substances produced by living organisms but now extended to substances synthesized artificially)
    • inorganic chemistry - the chemistry of compounds that do not contain hydrocarbon radicals
    • physical chemistry - the branch of chemistry dealing with the physical properties of chemical substances
    • electrochemistry - branch of chemistry that deals with the chemical action of electricity and the production of electricity by chemical reactions
    • femtochemistry - the branch of chemistry that studies elementary (often very fast) chemical reactions as they occur; the experimental methods are often based on the use of femtosecond laser pulses
    • geochemistry - the chemistry of the earth's crust
    • photochemistry - branch of chemistry that deals with the chemical action of light
    • nuclear chemistry, radiochemistry - the chemistry of radioactive substances
    • surface chemistry - the branch of chemistry that studies processes occurring at interfaces between phases (especially those between liquid and gas)
    • thermochemistry - the branch of chemistry that studies the relation between chemical action and the amount of heat absorbed or generated
    same as: chemistry

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